The dual results of each addition were compared with each other, and, if not identical, they were discarded and the addition was automatically repeated. This machine was used by Chuohtoukei-sha, a not-for-profit organization located in an annex building of the Ministry of Finance, Kasumigaseki, Tokyo, for statistical calculation services, which was the first attempt to provide computation services in Japan.
It was eight years before the first commercial computation service bureau using a relay computer was offered in Tokyo by Fujitsu Ltd. NEC and Fujitsu, following Yamashita's design, produced one machine each in They were put into practical use at the Bureau of Statistics of the Japanese government and the Department of Statistics of the metropolitan government of Tokyo, respectively.
Unfortunately, Yamashita did not give any particular name to the machines. Several machines built following his design were generally called "statistical machines of the Yamashita type. Yamashita became involved in the international aspects of computing in , when UNESCO developed a plan to install a large-scale computer to be shared by all the nations of the world. At that time, computers were extremely expensive, and the plan was thought to be worth putting forward to provide computing power for the less prosperous nations.
Japan was invited, although she was not quite independent, being still under occupation. The Japanese government appointed Tohru Hagiwara of the Foreign Office as its representative, and named Yamashita as his adviser. The meeting agreed to establish an International Computation Centre in Rome. The treaty needed endorsements by at least 10 nations to be effective, and Japan was the first to endorse it.
After the meeting in Paris in , Yamashita visited the universities and laboratories working on computers in Europe and the US as the very first Japanese ever to have such an opportunity. TAC, a vacuum tube computer, was finally completed in By then several digital electronic computers had already been developed in Japan. Yamashita was involved in this project from its beginning through its completion. Samuel Yamashita's impressive translation of this work offers modern readers a rare glimpse of the prevailing political discourse of the day and the specific concepts that rulers had at their disposal as they struggled to manage their domains, find talented men for their bureaucracies, create new sources of revenue, and keep their subjects well fed and happy.
Sorai himself, of course, is a presence in the text. He is by tunes earnest, frank, impatient, utterly confident, and occasionally condescending. Unlike his Renaissance counterpart, he is something of an optimist: he was convinced that the introduction of archaic Chinese culture and institutions to Japan would solve its myriad problems.
Well-versed in Chinese history, philosophy, religion, medicine, and belles lettres, Sorai holds forth on everything from archaic Chinese divination to Sung poetry and prose. He offers advice on how to become a Confucian gentleman, how to learn to read classical Chinese, and which books to read and which to avoid. He even discusses his belief in a sentient, Chinese-style "heaven," a topic not well understood by modern scholars.
Long regarded as one of Sorai's best works, Master Sorai's Reponsals bristles with the sharp and clear opinions of the most influential thinker of Tokugawa Japan. Daily life in wartime Japan, by Samuel Hideo Yamashita Book 15 editions published between and in English and Undetermined and held by WorldCat member libraries worldwide The population of wartime Japan has remained a largely faceless enemy to most Americans thanks to the distortions of US wartime propaganda, popular culture, and news reports.
At a time when this country's wartime experiences are slowly and belatedly coming into focus, this remarkable book by Samuel Yamashita offers an intimate picture of what life was like for ordinary Japanese during the war. Drawing upon diaries and letters written by servicemen, kamikaze pilots, evacuated children, and teenagers and adult mobilized for war work in the big cities, provincial towns, and rural communities, Yamashita lets us hear for the first time the rich mix of voices speaking in every register during the course of the war.
Here is the housewife struggling to feed her family while supporting the war effort; the eager conscript from snow country enduring the harshest, most abusive training imaginable in order to learn how to fly; the Tokyo teenagers made to work in wartime factories; the children taken from cities to live in the countryside away from their families and with little food and no privacy; the Kyushu farmers pressured to grow ever more rice and wheat with fewer hands and less fertilizer; and the Kyoto octogenarian driven to thoughts of suicide by his inability to contribute to the war.
How these ordinary Japanese coped with wartime hardships and dangers, and how their views changed over time as disillusionment, impatience, and sometimes despair set in, is the story that Yamashita's book brings to the American reader.
A history of life during war, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, is also a glimpse of a now-vanished world. Pair of operators made input simultaneously through each keyboard, and the each set of data was temporarily stored in a register. They were compared with each other, and if found not identical, they are discarded, and the operators had to reenter them. The arithmetic unit was shared by 20 sets of inputs, and added them up one by one.
The dual results of each addition were compared with each other, and if found not identical, they were discarded and the addition was automatically repeated. The sharing of the arithmetic unit did not give operators any feeling of waiting, because of the big difference of the speed between operators and electric relays.
Yamashita became involved in the international aspects of computers in At the time, several universities and laboratories in the U. The Japan Science Council discussed the matter, and decided to send Yamashita who was the leader of the research project in on "Electric Computer" supported by the Ministry of Education, as a technical adviser to Hagiwara Toru who represented Japan as appointed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
0コメント